Browsing results for Main Authors

(1999) Emotions across languages and cultures [BOOK]

Published on May 12, 2017. Last updated on June 16, 2019.

Wierzbicka, Anna (1999). Emotions across languages and cultures: Diversity and universals. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Abstract:

This ground-breaking book brings psychological, anthropological and linguistic insights to bear on our understanding of the way emotions are expressed and experienced in different cultures, languages and culturally shaped social relations. The expression of emotion in the face, body and modes of speech are all explored. The author shows how the bodily expression of emotion varies across cultures and challenges traditional approaches to the study of facial expressions. As well as offering a new perspective on human emotions based on the analysis of language and ways of talking about emotion, this fascinating and controversial book attempts to identify universals of human emotion by analysing empirical evidence from different languages and cultures.

Table of contents:

  1. Introduction: feelings, languages, and cultures
  2. Defining emotion concepts: discovering ‘‘cognitive scenarios’’
  3. A case study of emotion in culture: German Angst
  4. Reading human faces
  5. Russian emotional expression
  6. Comparing emotional norms across languages and cultures: Polish vs. Anglo-American
  7. Emotional universals

More information:

Chapter 3 builds on: Angst (1998)

Chapter 4 builds on: Reading human faces: Emotion components and universal semantics (1993)

Chapter 5 builds on: Russian emotional expression (1998)

Various parts of other chapters build on: Emotion, language, and ‘‘cultural scripts’’ (1994)

Rating:

Research carried out by one or more experienced NSM practitioners

The list of tags below is incomplete. It will be updated in due course.

Tags: ,

(1999) French – Greetings

Published on May 12, 2017. Last updated on September 10, 2018.

Peeters, Bert (1999). ‘Salut! Ça va? Vous avez passé un bon weekend?’ Journal of French Language Studies, 9, 239-257.

(1999) Language, mind, culture [BOOK]

Published on August 2, 2018. Last updated on November 9, 2020.

Wierzbicka, Anna (1999). Język – umysł – kultura [Language, mind, culture]. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.

Abstract:

This book is an anthology of papers and chapters by Anna Wierzbicka, originally published in English and appearing here in a Polish translation.

Table of contents:

I. Językowa kategoryzacja świata [Language categorization of the world]

1. Prototypy i warianty [Prototypes and variants]
2. Prototypy w semantyce i pragmatyce: Eksplikowanie znaczeń wyrażających postawy uczuciowe [Prototypes in semantics and pragmatics: Explication of meanings expressing emotional attitudes]
3. Owoce i warzywa: Semantyka kategoryzacji ludzkiej [Fruit and vegetables: The semantics of human categorization]
4. Mówienie o emocjach: Semantyka, kultura i poznanie [Talking about emotions: Semantics, culture, and cognition]
5. Emocje: Język i “skrypty kulturowe” [Emotions: Language and “cultural scripts”]

II. Kultura a pragmatyka [Culture and pragmatics]

6. Różne kultury, różne języki, różne akty mowy [Different cultures, different languages, different speech acts]
7. Akty i gatunki mowy w różnych językach i kulturach [Speech acts and speech genres in different languages and cultures]
8. Włoska reduplikacja: Pragmatyka międzykulturowa i semantyka illokucyjna [Italian reduplication: Cross-cultural pragmatics and illocutionary semantics]

III. Kultura a gramatyka [Culture and grammar]

9. Przypadki gramatyczne a natura człowieka [Grammatical cases and the nature of man]
10. Etnoskładnia i filozofia gramatyki [Ethno-syntax and the philosophy of grammar]

IV. Kultura a słownictwo [Culture and vocabulary]

11. Znaczenie nazw kolorów i uniwersalia widzenia [The meaning of color terms and universal vision]
12. Słownik kluczem do historii i kultury: “Ojczyzna” w językach niemieckim, polskim i rosyjskim
[Lexicon as a key to history, culture, and society: “Homeland” and “fatherland” in German, Polish and Russian]
13. “Wolność” – “Libertas” – “Freedom” – “Svoboda”: Uniwersalne ideały czy specyficzne dla danej kultury jednostki leksykalne? [Wolność – Libertas – Freedom – Svoboda: Universal ideals or culture-specific lexical units?]
14. “Duša” – “Soul” i “Mind”: Dowody językowe na rzecz etnopsychologii i historii kultury [Duša – soul and mind: Linguistic evidence for ethnopsychology and cultural history]

More information:

Chapter 1 is a translation of: ?

Chapter 2 is a translation of: Prototypes in semantics and pragmatics: Explicating attitudinal meanings in terms of prototypes (1989)

Chapter 3 is a translation of: Apples are not a “kind of fruit”: The semantics of human categorization (1984)

Chapter 4 is a translation of: Talking about emotions: Semantics, culture, and cognition (1992)

Chapter 5 is a translation of: Emotion, language, and cultural scripts (1994)

Chapter 6 is a translation of: Different cultures, different languages, different speech acts: Polish vs. English (1985)

Chapter 7 is a translation of: ?

Chapter 8 is a translation of: Italian reduplication: Cross-cultural pragmatics and illocutionary semantics (1986)

Chapter 9 is a translation of: ?

Chapter 10 is a translation of: Ethno-syntax and the philosophy of grammar (1979)

Chapter 11 is a translation of: The meaning of color terms: Semantics, culture, and cognition (1990)

Chapter 12 is a translation of: Lexicon as a key to history, culture, and society: “Homeland” and “fatherland” in German, Polish and Russian (1995) – See also: Understanding cultures through their key words (1997), chapter 4

Chapter 13 is a translation of: Understanding cultures through their key words (1997), chapter 3

Chapter 14 is a translation of: Soul and mind: Linguistic evidence for ethnopsychology and cultural history (1989)

See the original chapters for abstracts and links to explications and cultural scripts.

Rating:


Research carried out by one or more experienced NSM practitioners

(1999) Leave-taking

Published on May 10, 2017. Last updated on September 10, 2018.

Ameka, Felix K. (1999). ‘Partir, c’est mourir un peu’: Universal and culture specific features of leave taking. RASK (International Journal of Language and Communication), 9/10, 257-283. PDF (open access)

This paper aims to show the near-universal features of leave-taking in terms of the structure of the events that occur in terminating social encounters and in terms of the form of the language and the semantic fields to which the expressions belong. It will be shown that there are gradations in the importance or salience accorded to leave-taking in different cultures. This ranges from cultures in which there is apparently no recognisable or distinct closing phase of social encounters to less elaborate and more elaborate patterned routines of leave-taking. A second purpose is to describe the structure of the closing phase of encounters with specific reference to the southern Ghana cultural area. Two salient routine strategies that occur in closings in this area will be highlighted. Furthermore, the paper will describe the meanings encoded in some of the linguistic routines employed for leave-taking at night in Ewe, a specific ethnolinguistic group in this area.


Research carried out by one or more experienced NSM practitioners

Tags: , , ,

(1999) Linguistic typology

Published on May 12, 2017. Last updated on September 10, 2018.

Wierzbicka, Anna (1999). *A semantic basis for linguistic typology. In Yakov G. Testelets, & Ekaterina V. Rakhilina (Eds.), Festschrift for A. A. Kibrik (pp. 26-35). Moscow: Jazyki Russkoj Kul’tury.

(1999) NSM primes and prime-related items in child language

Published on May 12, 2017. Last updated on August 18, 2018.

Tien, Adrian (1999). Early lexical exponents & ‘related’ lexical items as manifestations of conceptual / semantic primitives in child language. MA thesis, Australian National University.


Research carried out in consultation with or under the supervision of one or more experienced NSM practitioners

(1999) Semantic universals and the description of languages [BOOK]

Published on August 17, 2017. Last updated on June 16, 2019.

Вежбицкая, Анна [Wierzbicka, Anna] (1999). Семантические универсалии и описание языков [Semantic universals and the description of languages]. Москва [Moscow]: Языки русской культуры [Languages of Russian Culture].

Abstract:

This book is an anthology of papers and chapters by Anna Wierzbicka, originally published in English and appearing here in a Russian translation.

Table of contents:

Из книги «Семантика: примитивы и универсалии» [From Semantics: Primes and universals]

1. Введение [Introduction]
2. Семантическая основа грамматического описания и типология: переходность и возвратность [A semantic basis for grammatical description and typology: Transitivity and reflexives]

Семантика грамматики [The semantics of grammar]

3. Что значит имя существительное? (или: Чем существительные отличаются по значению от прилагательных?) [What’s in a noun? (Or: How do nouns differ in meaning from adjectives?]
4. Лексические прототипы как универсальное основание межъязыковой идентификации «частей речи» [Lexical prototypes as a universal basis for cross-linguistic identification of “parts of speech”]
5. Семантика английских каузативных конструкций в универсально-типологической перспективе [The semantics of English causative constructions in a universal-typological perspective]
6. Редупликация в итальянском языке: кросс-культурная прагматика и иллокутивная семантика [Italian reduplication: Cross-cultural pragmatics and illocutionary semantics]

Из книги «Понимание культур через посредство ключевых слов» [From Understanding cultures through their key words]

7. Введение [Introduction]
8. Словарный состав как ключ к этносоциологии и психологии культуры: модели «дружбы» в разных культурах [Lexicon as a key to ethno-sociology and cultural psychology: Patterns of “friendship” across cultures]
9. Словарный состав как ключ к этнофилософии, истории и политике: «Свобода» в латинском, английском, русском и польском языках [Lexicon as a key to ethno-philosophy, history, and politics: “Freedom” in Latin, English, Russian, and Polish]

Лексическая семантика в культурно-сопоставительном аспекте [Lexical semantics in a cultural and comparative perspective]

10. «Грусть» и «гнев» в русском языке: неуниверсальность так называемых «базовых человеческих эмоций» [“Sadness” and “anger” in Russian: The non-universality of the so-called “basic human emotions”]
11. Выражение эмоций в русском языке: заметки по поводу «Русско-английского словаря коллокаций, относящихся к человеческому телу» [Russian emotional expression (Notes on the Russian-English collocational dictionary of the human body)]
12. Angst
13. Семантика междометия [The semantics of interjection]

Лексика и прагматика в культурно-сопоставительном аспекте [Vocabulary and pragmatics in a cultural and comparative perspective)

14. Японские культурные сценарии: психология и «грамматика» культуры [Japanese cultural scripts: Cultural psychology and “cultural grammar”]
15. Немецкие «культурные сценарии»: Oбщественные знаки как ключ к пониманию общественных отношений и культурных ценностей [German ‘cultural scripts’: public signs as a key to social attitudes and cultural values]
16. Значение Иисусовых притч: Cемантический подход к Евангелиям [The meaning of Jesus’ parables: A semantic approach to the Gospels]

More information:

Chapter 1 is a translation of: Semantics: Primes and universals (1996), chapter 1

Chapter 2 is a translation of: Semantics: Primes and universals (1996), chapter 14

Chapter 3 is a translation of: What’s in a noun? (Or: How do nouns differ in meaning from adjectives?) (1986) – See also: The semantics of grammar (1988), chapter 9

Chapter 4 is a translation of: Lexical prototypes as a universal basis for cross-linguistic identification of “parts of speech” (2000)

Chapter 5 is a translation of: The semantics of English causative constructions in a universal-typological perspective (1998)

Chapter 6 is a translation of: Italian reduplication: Cross-cultural pragmatics and illocutionary semantics (1986) – See also: Cross-cultural pragmatics: The semantics of human interaction (1991), chapter 7

Chapter 7 is a translation of: Understanding cultures through their key words (1997), chapter 1

Chapter 8 is a translation of: Understanding cultures through their key words (1997), chapter 2

Chapter 9 is a translation of: Understanding cultures through their key words (1997), chapter 3

Chapter 10 is a translation of: “Sadness” and “anger” in Russian: The non-universality of the so-called “basic human emotions” (1998)

Chapter 11 is a translation of: Russian emotional expression (1998)

Chapter 12 is a translation of: Angst (1998)

Chapter 13 is a translation of: The semantics of interjection (1992)

Chapter 14 is a translation of: Japanese cultural scripts: Cultural psychology and “cultural grammar” (1996)

Chapter 15 is a translation of: German ‘cultural scripts’: public signs as a key to social attitudes and cultural values (1998)

Chapter 16 is a translation of: The meaning of Jesus’ parables: A semantic approach to the Gospels (1998)

See the original chapters for abstracts and links to explications and cultural scripts.

Rating:


Research carried out by one or more experienced NSM practitioners

(1999) The semantic theory of Anna Wierzbicka

Published on May 12, 2017. Last updated on February 17, 2019.

Goddard, Cliff (1999). Building a universal semantic metalanguage: The semantic theory of Anna Wierzbicka. RASK, 9-10, 3-35.

For some thirty years now, Anna Wierzbicka has been one of the most prolific, insightful, and lively scholars in the field of linguistic semantics. Her books and articles have ranged over diverse areas of lexical semantics, grammatical semantics, and pragmatics. At the level of theory, she is widely known for her insistence that universal semantic primitives exist as meanings of words in ordinary language. In recent years, her theory – now known as the ‘Natural Semantic Metalanguage’ (NSM) approach – has undergone considerable expansion and modification. This article presents an overview of current NSM theory, covering the expanded inventory of primitives, the novel concepts of allolexy and non-compositional polysemy, and new proposals about the syntax of the semantic metalanguage.

Tags:

(2000) Chinese (Mandarin) – Emotions

Published on May 12, 2017. Last updated on August 18, 2018.

Ye, Zhengdao (2000). The language of emotions in Chinese: A study based on Hong Lou Meng. MA thesis, Australian National University.


Research carried out in consultation with or under the supervision of one or more experienced NSM practitioners

 

(2000) Emotions in the gospels

Published on May 12, 2017. Last updated on September 10, 2018.

Wierzbicka, Anna (2000). *Semantics, emotions and the meaning of the gospels. In Teresa Cabré, & Cristina Gelpi (Eds.), Lèxic, corpus i diccionaris (pp.103-121). Barcelona: Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Institut Universitari de Lingüística Aplicada.

(2000) English (Singapore)

Published on May 12, 2017. Last updated on September 10, 2018.

Wong, Jock (2000). The semantics of Singapore English. National University of Singapore Centre for Advanced Studies Research Papers Series, 27.

(2000) English (Singapore) – ME, MEH

Published on December 18, 2017. Last updated on September 10, 2018.

Wong, Jock Onn (2000). The ‘mE’ particle of Singlish. National University of Singapore Centre for Advanced Studies Research Papers Series, 18, 25 pp.

The non-standard variety of Singapore English commonly known as Singlish has a set of particles the meanings of which have intrigued and also evaded many researchers. These researchers have described the meanings of the particles mostly with a functional approach, in which the functions of a particle under study are listed, and the meaning of the particle characterized in terms of these functions. Results have proved futile. In this paper, the meaning of the Singlish particle ‘mE’ (commonly spelt ‘meh’ elsewhere) is described using the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) approach, which involves corpus study, native speaker introspection, and a reductive paraphrase using semantic primitives to represent the invariant meaning. With this semantic model, the meaning of ‘mE’ can be clearly, precisely, and unambiguously stated in simple English. The semantic formula is shown to be applicable to all instances of use, thus achieving empirical adequacy.


Research carried out by one or more experienced NSM practitioners

Tags: ,

(2000) English, French – Discourse management

Published on May 12, 2017. Last updated on August 22, 2018.

Peeters, Bert (2000). “S’engager” vs “to show restraint”: Linguistic and cultural relativity in discourse management. In Susanne Niemeier, & René Dirven (Eds.), Evidence for linguistic relativity (pp. 193-222). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI: 10.1075/cilt.198.13pee

If ways of speaking are determined by the cultural values of a speech community, then it must be possible to find examples of communicative patterns reflecting such values. Taking this hypothesis as a starting point, the author analyses expressions supporting the existence of opposing cultural values in French and (Australian) English.

The French ideal is one of “engagement” in the interest of defending individual expression from the pressures of social constraint, whereas the Anglo-Saxon ideal is “not to commit oneself” in the interest of avoiding the risks associated with erroneous opinions and getting involved in other people’s business. Evidence for these orientations at the cultural level is found in each culture in a series of common evaluative expressions deployed by each group with respect to engagement and commitment. These differences in communicative ideology are then related to actual communicative norms such as patterns of interruption and to observed patterns of intercultural misunderstanding.

An earlier version of this chapter was published in 1998 and reissued (unchanged) in 2006 in the LAUD Working Papers, Series A, General and Theoretical Papers, 451. PDF (open access)


Research carried out by one or more experienced NSM practitioners

Tags: , , , , , , ,

(2000) Facial expressions

Published on May 12, 2017. Last updated on September 10, 2018.

Wierzbicka, Anna (2000). The semantics of human facial expressions. Pragmatics and Cognition, 8(1), 142-183. DOI: 10.1075/pc.8.1.08wie

This paper points out that a major shift of paradigm is currently going on in the study of the human face and it seeks to articulate and to develop the fundamental assumptions underlying this shift. The main theses of the paper are: 1) Facial expressions can convey meanings comparable to the meanings of verbal utterances. 2) Semantic analysis (whether of verbal utterances or of facial expressions) must distinguish between the context-independent invariant and its contextual interpretations. 3) Certain components of facial behavior (“facial gestures”) do have constant context-independent meanings. 4) The meanings of facial components and configurations of components have an inherent first-person and present tense orientation. 5) The basis for the interpretation of facial gestures is, above all, experiential. 6) The meanings of some facial expressions are universally intelligible and can be interpreted without reference to any local conventions. 7) To be fruitful, the semantic analysis of facial expressions needs a methodology. This can be derived from the methodological experience of linguistic semantics. The author illustrates and supports these theses by analyzing a range of universally interpretable facial expressions such as the following ones: “brow furrowed” (i.e. eyebrows drawn together); eyebrows raised; eyes wide open; corners of the mouth raised; corners of the mouth lowered; mouth open (while not speaking); lips pressed together; upper lip and nose “raised” (and, consequently, nose wrinkled).

(2000) Grammatical categories

Published on May 12, 2017. Last updated on June 16, 2019.

Wierzbicka, Anna (2000). Lexical prototypes as a universal basis for cross-linguistic identification of “parts of speech”. In Petra M. Vogel, & Bernard Comrie (Eds.), Approaches to the typology of word classes (pp. 285-318). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110806120.285

Abstract:

According to the hypothesis outlined in this paper, so-called ‘parts of speech’ can be defined and compared across languages on the basis of certain universal exemplars. It is interesting to note, however, that the approach based on exemplars can be combined, to some extent, with considerations based on universal syntax — that is, on combinatorial and substitutional properties of classes based on lexical universals. On the basis of the present cursory examination of the traditional parts of speech, and of some of their modern extensions, it is hypothesized that word classes with a wider typological significance can always be expected to have some universal syntactic properties. The most important point, however, is that to be an effective tool in the description and comparison of languages, the metalanguage of linguistics must be based on empirically established linguistic universals; this applies to parts of speech as much as to any other aspect of linguistic typology and linguistic description.

Translations:

Into Russian:

Chapter 4 (pp. 134-170) of Вежбицкая, Анна (1999), Семантические универсалии и описание языков [Semantic universals and the description of languages]. Москва [Moscow]: Языки русской культуры [Languages of Russian Culture].

Chapter 7 (pp. 216-254) of Вежбицкая, Анна (2011), Семантические универсалии и базисные концепты [Semantic universals and basic concepts]. Москва [Moscow]: Языки славянских культуры [Languages of Slavic Culture].

Rating:


Research carried out by one or more experienced NSM practitioners

(2000) Malay – Communicative style

Published on May 12, 2017. Last updated on August 27, 2018.

Goddard, Cliff (2000). “Cultural scripts” and communicative style in Malay (Bahasa Melayu). Anthropological Linguistics, 42(1), 81-106. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/30028746

The “cultural scripts” approach is a descriptive technique that has grown out of the cross-cultural semantic theory of Anna Wierzbicka. The author uses this technique to describe and make sense of aspects of Malay communicative style. The proposed Malay cultural scripts are linked with the importance placed on appropriate (patut, sesuai) behavior and on nasihat ‘advice’, and on the need to balas budi (roughly) ‘return good treatment’, to jaga hati orang ‘look after people’s feelings’, and to menghormati ‘show respect, deference’.


Research carried out by one or more experienced NSM practitioners

Tags: , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

(2000) Polysemy

Published on May 12, 2017. Last updated on October 29, 2018.

Goddard, Cliff (2000). Polysemy: A problem of definition. In Yael Ravin & Claudia Leacock (Eds.), Polysemy: Theoretical and computational approaches (pp. 129-151). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

This paper outlines Anna Wierzbicka’s ‘Natural Semantic Metalanguage’ (NSM) method of semantic analysis and seeks to show that this method enables the traditional ‘definitional’ concept of polysemy to be applied both to individual lexical items and to lexico-grammatical constructions. There is also a discussion of how aspects of figurative language can be handled within the same framework. Naturally, given the space available, the treatment must be incomplete in many respects. The underlying contention is that many of the difficulties experienced by current treatments of polysemy do not spring from the nature of polysemy itself, but from more general problems of semantic and lexicographic methodology, in particular the lack of a clear, practical and verifiable technique for framing lexical definitions.


Research carried out by one or more experienced NSM practitioners

Tags: , , , , , ,

(2001) Chinese – Emotions

Published on May 12, 2017. Last updated on December 8, 2019.

Ye, Zhengdao (2001). An inquiry into “sadness” in Chinese. In Jean Harkins, & Anna Wierzbicka (Eds.), Emotions in crosslinguistic perspective (pp. 359-404). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI: 10.1515/9783110880168.359

This paper attempts to overcome the methodological problems that plague emotion studies by relying on the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM). Through the explication of three so-called “sadness-like” Chinese emotion terms (悲 bēi, 哀 ai, and 愁 chóu), this paper will show how the NSM approach can provide a neutral comparative grid for further inquiries into the meaning of emotion concepts across languages and cultures.

The paper first provides a very general discussion of the Chinese emotion lexicon from a morphological point of view, followed by an in-depth semantic analysis of 悲 bēi, 哀 ai, and 愁 chóu in NSM. The discussion draws on linguistic evidence, including well-known textual examples, lexicalized items and conventionalized phrases and idioms that are familiar to the Chinese ear.


Research carried out in consultation with or under the supervision of one or more experienced NSM practitioners

Tags: , , ,

(2001) Chinese (Mandarin) – ‘Sadness’

Published on May 12, 2017. Last updated on August 27, 2018.

Ye, Zhengdao (2001). Los sentimientos morales de la “tristeza” china: una ilustración del acercamiento del Metalenguaje Semántico Natural (MSN) al análisis de algunas emociones chinas “básicas” [Moral feelings of “sadness” in Chinese: An illustration of the NSM approach to the analysis of some “basic” Chinese emotions]. Isegoría, 25, 201-222.

Written in Spanish.

This study undertakes, within the framework of the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) approach developed by Anna Wierzbicka and colleagues, a detailed contrastive and comparative semantic analysis of a couple of Chinese emotion concepts: 悲 bēi and 哀 ai (often glossed interchangeably as sadness, sorrow, and grief), which are considered to be basic emotions in traditional Chinese philosophical texts. It illustrates that (a) they are by no means interchangeable, nor are they equivalent of the Western idea of sadness, (b) they are artifacts of the Chinese culture, shaped by Chinese people’s social and moral experiences, and their view of life and the universe. Essentially, 悲 bēi encompasses a fatalistic view, and 哀 ai is a moral emotion.


Research carried out in consultation with or under the supervision of one or more experienced NSM practitioners

Tags: , ,

(2001) Comparison of cultures through vocabulary and pragmatics [BOOK]

Published on June 16, 2019. Last updated on August 15, 2021.

Вежбицкая, Анна [Wierzbicka, Anna] (2001). Сопоставление культур через посредство лексики и прагматики [Comparison of cultures through vocabulary and pragmatics]. Москва [Moscow]: Языки Славянской Культуры [Languages of Slavic Culture].

Abstract:

This book is an anthology of papers and chapters by Anna Wierzbicka, originally published in English and appearing here in a Russian translation.

Table of contents:

  1. «Грусть» и «гнев» в русском языке: Неуниверсальность так называемых «базовых человеческих емоций» [“Sadness” and “anger” in the Russian language: The non-universality of the so-called “basic human emotions”]
  2. Angst
  3. Японские культурные сценарии: психология и «грамматика» культуры [Japanese cultural scripts: The psychology and “grammar” of culture]
  4. Немецкие «культурные сценарии»: обцественные знаки как ключ к понианию обцественных отношений и культурных ценностей [German ‘cultural scripts’: Public signs as a key to understanding social relations and cultural values]
  5. Значение Иисусовых притч: семантический подход к Евангелиям [The meaning of Jesus’ parables: A semantic approach to the Gospels]

More information:

Chapter 1 is a translation of: “Sadness” and “anger” in Russian: The non-universality of the so-called “basic human emotions” (1998)

Chapter 2 is a translation of: Angst (1998)

Chapter 3 is a translation of: Japanese cultural scripts: Cultural psychology and “cultural grammar” (1996)

Chapter 4 is a translation of: German ‘cultural scripts’: Public signs as a key to social attitudes and cultural values (1998)

Chapter 5 is a translation of: The meaning of Jesus’ parables: A semantic approach to the Gospels (1998)

See the original chapters for abstracts and links to explications and cultural scripts.

Rating:


Research carried out by one or more experienced NSM practitioners