Mosel, Ulrike (1994). Samoan. In Cliff Goddard, & Anna Wierzbicka (Eds.), Semantic and lexical universals: Theory and empirical findings (pp. 331-360). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI: 10.1075/slcs.25.17mos

Samoan data suggest that any classification of lexical universals into categories similar to word classes such as substantives and determiners may be problematic. A further problem is that the proposed canonical contexts cannot always be easily translated into idiomatic Samoan. In some cases all proposed lexical universals of a given canonical context have exponents in Samoan, but they are not combined to render the meaning of the canonical context in question.