Browsing results for Broad topics
Published on May 10, 2017. Last updated on May 23, 2019.
Asano-Cavanagh, Yuko (2016). Being ‘indecisive’ in Japanese: Analysis of kana, darou ka and (n) janai ka. Studies in Language, 40(1), 63-92.
DOI: 10.1075/sl.40.1.03asa
Abstract:
Japanese speakers are often characterized as ‘indecisive’. The indecision is indicated by epistemic markers being frequently added to express doubt. The sentence-final particle kana shows an indecisive attitude and is usually translated into English as I wonder or maybe. There are other similar Japanese expressions, for example, darou ka and (n) janai ka. Both expressions represent uncertainty and are generally interpreted as I wonder or maybe. Although kana, darou ka and (n) janai ka are often treated as synonyms, they are not necessarily interchangeable.
The aim of this study is to define these Japanese epistemic markers using NSM. New definitions are presented to clarify semantic differences and the invariant concept embedded in each expression. This analysis elucidates Japanese speakers’ epistemic stance when they are in doubt.
Rating:
Research carried out by one or more experienced NSM practitioners
Tags: (E) darou ka だろう か, (E) ka か, (E) kana かな, (E) n janai ka ん じゃない か, (T) Japanese
Published on January 15, 2022. Last updated on January 15, 2022.
Haugh, Michael. (2016). The role of English as a scientific metalanguage for research in pragmatics: Reflections on the metapragmatics of “politeness” in Japanese. East Asian Pragmatics, 1(1), 39–71.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1558/eap.v1i1.27610
Abstract
Much of the theorisation undertaken in pragmatics has afforded English a privileged place, not only as the object of analysis but also as the means through which such theoretical discussions have been accomplished. Yet as a number of researchers have pointed out, the language in which the description, analysis, and theorisation of pragmatic phenomena is undertaken can have an influence on how the research object(s) in question are understood. In this article, the role of English as our scientific metalanguage in research on ‘politeness’ in Japanese is considered. It is argued that in order to start managing such challenges for research in pragmatics we need to go beyond the study of abstract or decontextualised meanings of words and move towards the analysis of emic concepts and emic practices. It is concluded that rather than abandoning notions such as ‘politeness’ in favour of seemingly less culturally imbued terms, what is needed instead is greater awareness of what the use of English as a scientific metalanguage both affords for researchers working in pragmatics, along with the challenges it can create for such work.
Tags: (E) omoiyari 思いやり
Published on August 19, 2021. Last updated on August 19, 2021.
Hill, Deborah (2016). Bride-price, Baskets, and the Semantic Domain of “Carrying” in a Matrilineal Society. Oceanic Linguistics 55(2): 500-521
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/ol.2016.0023
Abstract:
The semantic domain of “carrying” is culturally salient in the Oceanic lan- guage, Longgu. Like many Austronesian languages, Longgu has about a dozen lexically specific verbs that refer to modes of carrying things and small children. This paper discusses the semantics of verbs in this domain, paying particular attention to the most culturally significant verb sungia, which is heterosemous with the noun sungi ‘bride-price exchange’ and refers to the manner in which women carry things supported on their head. The paper discusses meaning components, such as manner and motion, of verbs in this domain and highlights the importance of the association between some verbs and material objects. Further, the paper argues that there are grounds for suggesting the gender of the carrier is entailed in the lexical meaning of some verbs. The paper also discusses whether, given there is no generic verb ‘carry’, there is an underlying semantic pattern to this domain, and suggests that it may revolve around the cultural prominence of the verb sungia ‘to carry something [supported] on the head’.
Research carried out by one or more experienced NSM practitioners
Tags: (E) angoi’inia, (E) sungi-a
Published on September 8, 2018. Last updated on September 9, 2018.
Perović, Slavica (2016). Apologising and the Montenegrin cultural script. Logos et Littera, 1(3), pp. 1-24. PDF (open access)
The paper deals with the representation of the speech act of apology through cultural scripts. The research has been done on a corpus of students’ responses gathered through an interview of the Discourse Completion Task (DCT) type. The speech act of apology is analysed within the politeness theory originated by Brown and Levinson (1987) and the category of ‘face’. The complexity and specificity of this speech act in Montenegrin leads us to establish six semantic components of apologizing for which we devise cultural scripts. Furthermore, two broad categories of apologies are identified: non-verbal and verbal. These are labelled ‘to do is to say’ and ‘to say is to do’, respectively, and give rise to do master scripts. The analysis in this paper relies on the idea of cultural scripts developed by Anna Wierzbicka and Cliff Goddard, executed through the semantic primes of Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM).
Crude application of NSM principles carried out without prior training by an experienced NSM practitioner
Tags: (E) (abasement), (E) (admittance), (E) (regret), (E) (responsibility), (E) poniženje, (S) apologies
Published on August 22, 2018. Last updated on September 5, 2018.
Tully, Alex (2016). Applications of NSM and Minimal English in second language teaching. Master’s thesis, Australian National University.
This thesis proposes a new approach to second language teaching to adults aiming at developing their “strategic competence”, the ability to use paraphrase to communicate meaning when confronted with gaps in their vocabulary. The importance of this skill has been widely acknowledged, yet in comparison to other aspects of linguistic competence, very little has been published on practical ways to develop it. To do so, this thesis draws the link between the theoretical framework of the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) and its expanded version Minimal English, and practical applications involving the use of paraphrase by both learners and teachers. It argues for explicit teaching of the vocabulary of Minimal English (and its equivalents based on other languages), including contrastive analysis of the “mini-grammar” encapsulated in each NSM prime, and illustrates how this can be done.
By doing this, this new approach wholeheartedly rejects methods such as Communicative Language Teaching (CLT), which are based on the view that a second language (L2) is “acquired” via an unconscious, implicit process similar to the learning of a first language (L1). The empirical studies underpinning CLT have only been replicated when typological similarities between L1 and L2 enable positive transfer of grammatical features. In contrast, the proposed methodology aims to be applicable to all learners, especially those facing large typological L1-L2 typological differences. In light of the large and growing numbers of speakers of Asian languages learning English, this thesis makes an innovative contribution to current language teaching by moving away from methodologies such as CLT, which have not proven themselves useful or popular outside Europe. Rather, this thesis outlines a theoretical framework that avoids assumptions about positive transfer, and is thus more suitable for the global nature of language teaching in the 21st century.
Research carried out in consultation with or under the supervision of one or more experienced NSM practitioners
Tags: (E) (causative constructions), (E) afraid, (E) chair, (E) crime, (E) promise, (E) unhappy
Published on May 12, 2017. Last updated on September 25, 2018.
Wierzbicka, Anna (2016). Back to ‘mother’ and ‘father’: Overcoming the eurocentrism of kinship studies through eight lexical universals. Current Anthropology, 57(4), 408-429. DOI: 10.1086/687360
This paper addresses one of the most controversial issues in cultural anthropology: the conceptual foundations of kinship and the apparent inevitability of ethnocentrism in kinship studies. The field of kinship studies has been in turmoil over the past few decades, repeatedly pronounced dead and then again rising from the ashes and being declared central to human affairs. As this paper argues, the conceptual confusion surrounding kinship is to a large extent due to the lack of a clear and rigorous methodology for discovering how speakers of the world’s different languages actually navigate their kinship systems.
Building on the author’s earlier work on kinship but taking the analysis much further, this paper seeks to demonstrate that such a methodology can be found in Natural Semantic Metalanguage theory (developed by the author and colleagues), which relies on 65 universal semantic primes and on a small number of universal “semantic molecules” including ‘mother’ and ‘father’. The paper offers a new model for the interpretation of kinship terminologies and opens new perspectives for the investigation of kinship systems across languages and cultures.
Comments by a number of scholars, including Felix Ameka, follow the paper.
See also:
Kotorova, Elizaveta (2018). Analysis of kinship terms using Natural Semantic Metalanguage: Anna Wierzbicka’s approach. Russian Journal of Linguistics, 22(3), 701-710.
Research carried out by one or more experienced NSM practitioners
Tags: (E) awofasi, (E) born, (E) duujinda, (E) Father, (E) kamuru, (E) kularrinda, (E) kuntili, (E) kuta, (E) malanypa, (E) mama, (E) mother, (E) ngunytju, (E) thabuju, (E) tɔ, (E) wakatha, (E) wofa, (E) wofasi, (E) yakukathu, (S) kinship, (T) English
Published on May 10, 2017. Last updated on May 24, 2019.
Aragón, Karime (2016). Mexican colors and meanings: An ethnolinguistic study of visual semantics in Oaxaca. In Geda Paulsen, Mari Uusküla, & Jonathan Brindle (Eds.), Color language and color categorization (pp. 302-332). Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Abstract:
This study explores the meanings of Mexican Spanish colour words using the Natural Semantic Metalanguage. Visual meanings are associated with widespread natural and material prototypes identified in the speaker’s cultural and environmental contexts. The results of the ethnolinguistic fieldwork reveal the visual meanings embedded in Mexican Spanish colour terms and their prototypes, illustrating the way Oaxacans think and talk about colour and account for the specifics of their visual and cultural practices.
Rating:
Research carried out in consultation with or under the supervision of one or more experienced NSM practitioners
Published on May 12, 2017. Last updated on September 9, 2018.
Wong, Jock (2016). A critical look at the description of speech acts. In Alessandro Capone, & Jacob L. Mey (Eds.), Interdisciplinary studies in pragmatics, culture and society (pp. 825-855). Cham: Springer. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-12616-6_32
For John Searle, philosophy of language was the attempt to come up with philosophically illuminating descriptions of some of the general features of language. It was to concern itself only incidentally with particular elements in a particular language. The problem is that understanding the general features of language requires a metalanguage that contains general features of language; a metalanguage that contains particular elements associated with particular languages (or, in other words, an ethnocentric metalanguage) does not fit the bill. Yet, this is precisely how the study of speech acts, which originally came under the ambit of language philosophy, is often conducted – with an ethnocentric metalanguage. It seems paradoxical that while scholars who study speech acts directly or indirectly engage in the pursuit of language universals, the metalanguage they use often effectively prevents them from reaching that goal.
This chapter argues that, if we want to fruitfully study speech acts in world languages, we should employ an analytical tool that is minimally ethnocentric, such as the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM). It helps us recognize speech acts from any language, even if there is no English word for them, and it allows us to understand them from the inside.
This chapter also argues that we should refrain from “comparing” speech acts by asking how people in various cultures perform the same speech act because this would necessitate the use of a language-specific speech act verb (e.g., request, apologize). A more fruitful way might be to formulate a generic situation using NSM and ask how people in various cultures respond in/to that situation.
Research carried out by one or more experienced NSM practitioners
Tags: (E) (assertives), (E) (commissives), (E) (declaratives), (E) (directives), (E) (expressives)
Published on May 17, 2017. Last updated on May 29, 2019.
Vo, Thi Lien Huong (2016). The ethnopragmatics of Vietnamese: A study of the cultural logic of interaction focussing on the speech act complex of disagreement. PhD thesis, Griffith University.
Open access
Abstract:
This study investigates the cultural logic underpinning interactions in Vietnamese language and culture, adopting the ethnopragmatic research paradigm originating within the NSM framework. First, it seeks to elaborate the semantic and pragmatic content of key words for Vietnamese cultural conceptualization using semantic explications and cultural scripts. The key words could be roughly translated by means of the English words friend, colleague, boss and workplace. In this exploration, two overarching cultural schemas, namely quan hệ (‘relationship’) and thứ bậc (‘hierarchy’), are identified and several intertwined social categories, normative values and communicative virtues, underpinning the cultural logic of interaction, are explained. The study then seeks to discover how this cultural logic illuminates Vietnamese ideas about the management of ‘disagreement’ in interaction, under various scenarios and with various interlocutor types (e.g., older vs. younger, family members vs. outsiders).
The findings indicate that the conceptualization of quan hệ (‘relationship’) is affected by family-relatedness. Based on this, a distinction between người nhà (‘family people’) and người ngoài (‘outsiders’) is made. In addition, mutual understanding, shared experience and time length of acquaintanceship qualify an interpersonal relationship and characterize various subcategories among người ngoài (‘outsiders’), including người lạ (‘strangers’), người quen (‘acquaintances’), and người thân (‘close people’). Other sociolinguistic variables (such as gender, personality, and interest) also contribute to the conceptualization of quan hệ (‘relationship’). From a normative perspective, the cultural schema thứ bậc (‘hierarchy’) and its coexisting set of moral rules for behaviour, lễ phép (‘respectfulness’), provide standards and principles for accepted behaviour in Vietnamese interaction.
The findings also show that both cultural schemas inform the way of Vietnamese thinking about appropriate verbal performance in disagreement-type interaction. For example, in instances of disagreement over content accuracy, Vietnamese speakers tend to be more frank as this frankness indicates awareness of collective responsibility. In contrast, they show a propensity towards implicit disagreement with an evaluation. Furthermore, to a certain degree at least, disagreement over content accuracy in family interaction has a didactic orientation, inasmuch as it prepares family members for social interaction and spares them the possible risk of losing face.
Rating:
Research carried out in consultation with or under the supervision of one or more experienced NSM practitioners
Tags: (E) bạn của tôi, (E) công sở, (E) đồng nghiệp của tôi, (E) người lạ, (E) người ngoài, (E) người nhà của tôi, (E) người quen, (E) người thân, (E) quan he, (E) thứ bậc, (S) dealing with strangers, (S) expressing disagreement, (S) gender consciousness in a relationship, (S) harmonious empathy, (S) honorific awareness, (S) importance of humility, (S) importance of propriety, (S) importance of tact, (S) interacting with outsiders, (S) occupation-consciousness, (S) respecting the older, (S) strangers first acquaintances later, (S) using honorifics, (S) yielding to the younger, (T) Vietnamese
Published on May 17, 2017. Last updated on May 11, 2019.
Vo, Lien-Huong (2016). Responding to informational inaccuracy in family talk: A Vietnamese ethnopragmatic perspective. Language, Culture and Society, 39, 57-67.
Open access
Abstract:
This paper discusses common Vietnamese ways of thinking about responding to the inaccuracy of information provided by different interactional participants in family talk. The findings show that Vietnamese family interaction, although relaxing and sincere, is strictly hierarchical, which is evident in the way younger interactants respond to misinformation provided by older interactants. Different ways of thinking about appropriate responses to information inaccuracy are articulated using cultural scripts. Furthermore, parental power in the family, as well as the psychological power of older siblings over younger siblings, is touched upon in the discussion, suggesting implications for both prospective research on Vietnamese language and culture and for non-Vietnamese who have intercultural encounters with speakers of Vietnamese.
Rating:
Research carried out in consultation with or under the supervision of one or more experienced NSM practitioners
Tags: (S) disagreement, (S) strangers first acquaintances later
Published on March 26, 2018. Last updated on November 9, 2019.
Farese, Gian Marco (2017-18). The Fundamental Principles of the Italian constitution: A semantic analysis. Quaderni di Semantica, n.s. 3-4, 667-746.
Abstract:
This paper presents a semantic analysis of the so-called “Fundamental Principles”, the first twelve articles of the Italian constitution. The purpose of the paper is to analyse the Italian constitution as a literary text, not a legal text. Thus, the focus of the present analysis is strictly on the linguistic aspects of the Fundamental Principles, not on the juridical ones. The meaning of the key words of these twelve articles is analysed adopting the methodology of the NSM approach, whereas the language and the structure of the text are analysed following the principles of text linguistics. The reader is able to appreciate the Fundamental Principles both in the original version and in a revised English translation.
Rating:
Research carried out by one or more experienced NSM practitioners
Tags: (E) dignità, (E) eguaglianza, (E) inderogabile, (E) inviolabile, (E) libertà, (E) nazione, (E) ripudiare, (E) solidarietà, (T) Italian
Published on March 25, 2018. Last updated on September 26, 2018.
Arnawa, Nengah (2017). The implementation of Natural Semantic Metalanguage and semantic field in language teaching: A case study. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 8(3), 507-515. DOI: 10.17507/jltr.0803.08
This study presents a model for teaching Balinese words by implementing Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) and semantic field theory. Data were collected before and after the development of the model with certain indicators: the speed in understanding word meaning, the skill in using words in natural sentence structure, and students’ learning creativity. Based on statistical analysis, it was established that the implementation of NSM and semantic field theory was very effective (significant) for the learning of Balinese words in students of grades 1, 2, and 3.
This paper is about language learning. It does not contain any explications or scripts. No rating is provided.
Published on May 12, 2017. Last updated on September 13, 2018.
Levisen, Carsten (2017). The social and sonic semantics of reggae: Language ideology and emergent socialities in postcolonial Vanuatu. Language & Communication, 52, 102-116. DOI: 10.1016/j.langcom.2016.08.009
In Port Vila, Vanuatu, young Pacific Islanders with an ambivalent stance towards the value system represented by the jioj ‘church’ are forming new socialities and new ways of socializing on the fragments of kastom ‘traditional culture’. The reggae sociality stands out. As a cultural key word, reke ‘reggae’ offers a rich point for understanding local language-embedded ideologies, and also for understanding the status of Bislama, the national creole. This study breaks new ground into the emerging discipline of sonic semantics and the study of language ideologies in postcolonial contexts.
Research carried out by one or more experienced NSM practitioners
Tags: (E) reke, (T) Bislama
Published on October 15, 2017. Last updated on September 13, 2018.
Levisen, Carsten & Priestley, Carol (2017). Social keywords in postcolonial Melanesian discourse: Kastom ‘traditional culture’ and tumbuna ‘ancestors’. In Carsten Levisen & Sophia Waters (Eds.), Cultural keywords in discourse (pp. 83-106). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI: 10.1075/pbns.277.04lev
In postcolonial Melanesia, cultural discourses are increasingly organized around creole words, i.e. key words of Bislama (Vanuatu) and Tok Pisin (Papua New Guinea). These words constitute (or represent) important emerging ethnolinguistic world views, which are partly borne out of the colonial era, and partly out of postcolonial ethnorhetoric. This chapter explores the word kastom ‘traditional culture’ in Bislama and pasin bilong tumbuna ‘the ways of the ancestors’ in Tok Pisin. Specific attention is paid to the shift from “negative “ to “positive” semantics, following from the re-evaluation of ancestral practices in postcolonial discourse. Social key words in postcolonial discourse form a fertile ground for understanding how speakers in Melanesia conceptualize the past as a vital part of the present.
Research carried out by one or more experienced NSM practitioners
Published on August 1, 2018. Last updated on September 13, 2018.
Kornacki, Paweł (2017). What does it mean to have a good time the Chinese way? An ethnopragmatic exploration of a Chinese cultural keyword. In Anna Duszak, Arkadiusz Jabłoński & Agnieszka Leńko-Szymańska (Eds.), East-Asian and Central-European Encounters in Discourse Analysis and Translation (pp. 57-82). Warsaw: Institute of Applied Linguistics. PDF (open access)
The paper examines the main uses and the symbolic significance of the Chinese cultural key word 热 闹 rènao. Often rendered in English with its literal gloss of ‘hot and noisy’, it has been viewed by both Chinese and Western scholars as primary in making sense of Chinese social behaviour, across a variety of contexts. The present study analyses two Chinese cultural texts – a report from a local temple festival and a debate over two different styles of feasting, which frequently rely on this salient cultural notion. While the formula crowds, events, noise in the psychological literature dealing with this Chinese social value is often confirmed by the described cultural data, it is argued that close attention to the meaning and form of the descriptive language used by the cultural actors yields valuable insights into indigenous viewpoints. In particular, the notion of 热 闹 rènao turns out to be closely intertwined with other prominent Chinese cultural concerns, such as the idea of 人情味 rén qíng wèi (‘flavour of human feelings’), Chinese cultural identity, Chinese language, and a particularly complex culinary culture as described in the anthropological literature.
Research carried out in consultation with or under the supervision of one or more experienced NSM practitioners
Tags: (E) rènao 热 闹
Published on October 15, 2017. Last updated on September 13, 2018.
Leung, Helen Hue Lam (2017). Cantonese ‘mong4’: A cultural keyword of ‘busy’ Hong Kong. In Carsten Levisen & Sophia Waters (Eds.), Cultural keywords in discourse (pp. 183-210). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI: 10.1075/pbns.277.08leu
This chapter investigates the Hong Kong Cantonese cultural key word 忙 mong4. 忙 mong4 is usually translated into English as busy and into Mandarin as 忙 máng, but though their meanings overlap, many examples of busy and 忙 máng cannot be translated directly into Cantonese using 忙 mong4. This is because mong has a culturally significant meaning and usage, and is linked to a specific value system supported by Hong Kong discourse. This chapter examines some differences between 忙 mong4, busy and 忙 máng, explores Hong Kong discourses of work and life, and the meta-discourse surrounding mong in the speech community. A Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) explication for 忙 mong4 is proposed in English and Cantonese.
Research carried out in consultation with or under the supervision of one or more experienced NSM practitioners
Published on May 16, 2017. Last updated on September 2, 2019.
Ye, Zhengdao (2017). The semantics of social relation nouns in Chinese. In Zhengdao Ye (Ed.), The semantics of nouns (63-88). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198736721.003.0003
Abstract:
This study investigates the nature of Chinese social grouping by analysing the meaning and conceptual structure of a set of nouns that denote salient social relations in Chinese and that form two pairs of complementary opposites. It discusses in detail the commonalities and differences underlying the construals of semantic relation within and between both pairs and offers a semantic method to represent them. The study brings to attention the social categories and associated ways of conceptualizing social and meaning relations that are not often talked about in English, and illustrates that an in-depth analysis of social relation nouns enables researchers to access non-obvious aspects of human social cognition, therefore contributing to a deeper knowledge and understanding of the priorities at play in human social categorization.
Rating:
Research carried out by one or more experienced NSM practitioners
Tags: (E) (acquaintance), (E) (insiders), (E) (outsiders), (E) (stranger), (E) shēngrén 生人, (E) shúrén 熟人, (E) wàirén 外人, (E) zìjĭrén 自己人, (S) complementary relation between stranger and familiar person, (S) dynamics between insiders/members of in-group and outsiders/members of out-group, (S) dynamics between stranger and familiar person
Published on October 15, 2017. Last updated on January 15, 2022.
Levisen, Carsten, & Waters, Sophia (2017). An invitation to keyword studies: Guidance for future research. In Carsten Levisen, & Sophia Waters (Eds.), Cultural keywords in discourse (pp. 235-242). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI: 10.1075/pbns.277.10lev
Research carried out by one or more experienced NSM practitioners
Published on October 15, 2017. Last updated on January 15, 2022.
Levisen, Carsten & Waters, Sophia (2017). How words do things with people. In Carsten Levisen & Sophia Waters (Eds.), Cultural keywords in discourse (pp. 1-23). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI: 10.1075/pbns.277.01lev
Research carried out by one or more experienced NSM practitioners
Published on October 15, 2017. Last updated on January 15, 2022.
Levisen, Carsten & Waters, Sophia (Eds.) (2017). Cultural keywords in discourse. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
DOI: 10.1075/pbns.277
Abstract:
Cultural key words are words around which whole discourses are organized. They are culturally revealing, difficult to translate and semantically diverse. They capture how speakers have paid attention to the worlds they live in and embody socially recognized ways of thinking and feeling. The book contributes to a global turn in cultural key word studies by exploring key words from discourse communities in Australia, Brazil, Hong Kong, Japan, Melanesia, Mexico and Scandinavia. Providing new case studies, the volume showcases the diversity of ways in which cultural logics form and shape discourse.
The Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) approach is used as a unifying framework for the studies. This approach offers an attractive methodology for doing explorative discourse analysis on emic and culturally-sensitive grounds.
Table of contents:
- How words do things with people (Carsten Levisen and Sophia Waters)
- Nice as a cultural keyword: The semantics behind Australian discourses of sociality (Sophia Waters)
- Bogan as a keyword of contemporary Australia: Sociality and national discourse in Australian English (Roslyn Rowen)
- Social keywords in postcolonial Melanesian discourse: Kastom ‘traditional culture’ and tumbuna ‘ancestors’ (Carsten Levisen and Carol Priestley)
- Talking about livet ‘life’ in Golden Age Danish: Semantics, discourse and cultural models (Magnus Hamann and Carsten Levisen)
- Visuality, identity and emotion: Rosa mexicano as a Mexican Spanish keyword (Karime Aragón)
- Subúrbio and suburbanos: Two cultural keywords in Brazilian discourse (Ana Paulla Braga Mattos)
- Cantonese ‘mong4’: A cultural keyword of ‘busy’ Hong Kong (Helen Hue Lam Leung)
- Kawaii discourse: The semantics of a Japanese cultural keyword and its social elaboration (Yuko Asano-Cavanagh)
- An invitation to keyword studies: Guidance for future research (Carsten Levisen and Sophia Waters)
More information:
Each chapter has a separate entry, where more information is provided.
Rating:
Research carried out by one or more experienced NSM practitioners
