Asc Page 17 – nsm-approach.net

(2018) Minimal English

Goddard, Cliff (2018). Minimal English: The science behind it. In Cliff Goddard (Ed.), Minimal English for a global world: Improved communication using fewer words (pp. 29-70). Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-62512-6_3

This chapter explains in an accessible way the linguistic research that underpins the specifics of Minimal English. The “science behind Minimal English” is the body of research, by linguists working in the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) approach, into which words and grammatical patterns match across the languages of the world. The chapter includes a review of all semantic primes, classified in twelve groups.


Research carried out by one or more experienced NSM practitioners

See also:

(2018) Minimal English

Goddard, Cliff, & Wierzbicka, Anna (2018). Minimal English and how it can add to Global English. In Cliff Goddard (Ed.), Minimal English for a global world: Improved communication using fewer words (pp. 5-27). Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-62512-6_2

The concept of Minimal English was first proposed by Anna Wierzbicka in 2014 as a radically reduced ‘mini English’ that can provide a common auxiliary interlanguage for speakers of different languages, and as a global means for clarifying, elucidating, storing and comparing ideas. This idea is taken up by Cliff Goddard and Anna Wierzbicka in this chapter. Aside from arguing for the benefits of using cross-translatable words, they stress that Minimal English is intended not to replace or supplant ordinary English, but to add to its effectiveness as a global tool for communication and discourse. The chapter outlines the origins, purpose and composition of Minimal English and explains its value as a supplement to English in its role as a global lingua franca. It argues for the great importance of cross-translatability in many contexts and shows with examples that many taken-for-granted words and concepts of Anglo English are heavily culture-laden and hence untranslatable. The chapter also clarifies how Minimal English is different from Ogden’s ‘Basic English’ and from Plain English.


Research carried out by one or more experienced NSM practitioners

See also: ,

(2018) Minimal English for a global world [BOOK]

Goddard, Cliff (Ed.) (2018). Minimal English for a global world: Improved communication using fewer words. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-62512-6

Abstract:

‘Minimal English’ is a new tool for improving communication and promoting clearer thinking in a world where the use of Global English can create numerous comprehension and communication issues. It is based on research findings from within cross-linguistic semantics, in particular the NSM approach. The essays and studies in this book are by leading experts who explore the value and application of Minimal English in various fields, including ethics, health, human rights discourse, education and international relations. Informed guidelines and practical advice on how to communicate in clear and cross-translatable ways using the new tool is also provided.

Table of contents:

  1. Introduction (Cliff Goddard)
  2. Minimal English and how it can add to Global English (Cliff Goddard and Anna Wierzbicka)
  3. Minimal English: The science behind it (Cliff Goddard)
  4. Minimal English and diplomacy (William Maley)
  5. Internationalizing Minimal English: Perils and parallels (Nicholas Farrelly and Michael Wesley)
  6. Charter of Global Ethic in Minimal English (Anna Wierzbicka)
  7. Torture laid bare: Global English and human rights (Annabelle Mooney)
  8. Talking about the universe in Minimal English: Teaching science through words that children can understand (Anna Wierzbicka)
  9. Big History meets Minimal English (David Christian)
  10. Introducing the concept of the ‘65 words’ to the public in Finland (Ulla Vanhatalo and Juhana Torkki)
  11. Narrative Medicine across languages and cultures: Using Minimal English for increased comparability of patients’ narratives (Bert Peeters and Maria Giulia Marini)

More information:

Each chapter has its own entry and its own rating, except for Chapter 4, which illustrates the pitfalls and complexities of diplomatic communication, particularly in crisis situations. Apart from an imperfect rendering of Wierzbicka’s 1997 explication of the English word freedom (in Understanding Cultures through their Key Words, p. 154), Chapter 4 does not contain any explications using either NSM or Minimal English.

(2017) Cultural key words – Guidance for future research

Levisen, Carsten, & Waters, Sophia (2017). An invitation to keyword studies: Guidance for future research. In Carsten Levisen, & Sophia Waters (Eds.), Cultural keywords in discourse (pp. 235-242). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI: 10.1075/pbns.277.10lev


Research carried out by one or more experienced NSM practitioners

(2017) Japanese – Cultural key words

Asano-Cavanagh, Yuko (2017). Kawaii discourse: The semantics of a Japanese cultural keyword and its social elaboration. In Carsten Levisen & Sophia Waters (Eds.), Cultural keywords in discourse (pp. 211-234). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

DOI: 10.1075/pbns.277.09asa

Abstract:

Taking its starting point in the Japanese cultural key word kawaii (roughly, ‘cute’), this chapter explores contemporary Japanese social discourse. Using NSM to explicate kawaii, the two kawaii compounds ita-kawaii and otona-kawaii and the related cultural key words itai and otona, it breaks new ground and increases our understanding of the conceptual basis of kawaii and its elaborations in discourse. A view on Japanese socialization and gendered discourse is simultaneously developed, and the value of ‘being kawaii’ is being scrutinized through the stability and innovations of kawaii in discourse.

Rating:


Research carried out by one or more experienced NSM practitioners

See also: , , , ,

(2017) Chinese (Cantonese) – Cultural key words: MONG4

Leung, Helen Hue Lam (2017). Cantonese ‘mong4’: A cultural keyword of ‘busy’ Hong Kong. In Carsten Levisen & Sophia Waters (Eds.), Cultural keywords in discourse (pp. 183-210). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI: 10.1075/pbns.277.08leu

This chapter investigates the Hong Kong Cantonese cultural key word 忙 mong4. 忙 mong4 is usually translated into English as busy and into Mandarin as 忙 máng, but though their meanings overlap, many examples of busy and 忙 máng cannot be translated directly into Cantonese using 忙 mong4. This is because mong has a culturally significant meaning and usage, and is linked to a specific value system supported by Hong Kong discourse. This chapter examines some differences between 忙 mong4, busy and 忙 máng, explores Hong Kong discourses of work and life, and the meta-discourse surrounding mong in the speech community. A Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) explication for 忙 mong4 is proposed in English and Cantonese.


Research carried out in consultation with or under the supervision of one or more experienced NSM practitioners

(2017) Portuguese (Brazil) – Cultural key words: SUBÚRBIO, SUBURBANOS

Braga Mattos, Ana Paulla (2017). Subúrbio and suburbanos: Two cultural keywords in Brazilian discourse. In Carsten Levisen & Sophia Waters (Eds.), Cultural keywords in discourse (pp. 157-182). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI: 10.1075/pbns.277.07mat

This chapter studies the Brazilian Portuguese key words subúrbio ‘suburb’ and suburbanos ‘suburb dwellers’. Despite formal similarities, the English cityscape word suburb conveys a very different concept than subúrbio. In dictionaries, the cultural semantics of the words subúrbio ‘suburb’ and suburbanos ‘suburb dwellers’ is largely missing. This is unfortunate since the semantic richness of these words shed light on Brazilian discourses of urbanism and on a culturally-specific way of categorising people in the urban space. Using evidence from a range of different Brazilian discourses and speakers’ reflections on the two words, I propose a semantic explication for each, using the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) to adequately account for the complex and cultural meaning of the words – seen from an insider’s perspective.

(2017) Spanish (Mexico) – Colours and vision / Cultural key words / Ethnopragmatics

Aragón, Karime (2017). Visuality, identity and emotion: Rosa mexicano as a Mexican Spanish keyword. In Carsten Levisen & Sophia Waters (Eds.), Cultural keywords in discourse (pp. 131-156). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/pbns.277.06ara

Abstract:

This chapter presents a semantic and ethnopragmatic analysis of the Mexican Spanish colour word rosa mexicano. This word functions as a symbol of Mexican identity and serves as a cultural key word for Mexican Spanish speakers. It appears in a variety of discourses, such as international and cross-cultural relations, the arts, education and discursive representations of national self-perception. After providing a semantic analysis of the meaning of the word, the chapter moves on to an ethnopragmatic examination, articulating cultural scripts for the visual, identificational and emotional meanings associated with rosa mexicano discourse.

Rating:


Research carried out in consultation with or under the supervision of one or more experienced NSM practitioners

See also: ,

(2017) Danish – Cultural key words: LIVET

Hamann, Magnus & Levisen, Carsten (2017). Talking about livet ‘life’ in Golden Age Danish: Semantics, discourse and cultural models. In Carsten Levisen & Sophia Waters (Eds.), Cultural keywords in discourse (pp. 107-129). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI: 10.1075/pbns.277.05ham

This chapter explicates the word livet, literally ‘the life’, a cultural key word of the Danish Golden Age (1800-1850). With evidence from Golden Age Danish and its era-specific webs of words, it explores how “life and living” were construed discursively and how they relate to contemporary discourses of the good life in English and the related Danish calque det gode liv. The authors argue that era-specific cultural semantics should not be seen as being substantially different from other kinds of culture-specific discourses and that historical varieties such as Golden Age Danish can help us dismantle the hegemonic modern and Anglo take on “narratives of life” that dominate contemporary global discourse.


Research carried out by one or more experienced NSM practitioners

(2017) Bislama, Tok Pisin – Cultural key words: KASTOM, TUMBUNA

Levisen, Carsten & Priestley, Carol (2017). Social keywords in postcolonial Melanesian discourse: Kastom ‘traditional culture’ and tumbuna ‘ancestors’. In Carsten Levisen & Sophia Waters (Eds.), Cultural keywords in discourse (pp. 83-106). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI: 10.1075/pbns.277.04lev

In postcolonial Melanesia, cultural discourses are increasingly organized around creole words, i.e. key words of Bislama (Vanuatu) and Tok Pisin (Papua New Guinea). These words constitute (or represent) important emerging ethnolinguistic world views, which are partly borne out of the colonial era, and partly out of postcolonial ethnorhetoric. This chapter explores the word kastom ‘traditional culture’ in Bislama and pasin bilong tumbuna ‘the ways of the ancestors’ in Tok Pisin. Specific attention is paid to the shift from “negative “ to “positive” semantics, following from the re-evaluation of ancestral practices in postcolonial discourse. Social key words in postcolonial discourse form a fertile ground for understanding how speakers in Melanesia conceptualize the past as a vital part of the present.


Research carried out by one or more experienced NSM practitioners

(2017) English – Cultural key words: NICE

Waters, Sophia (2017). Nice as a cultural keyword: The semantics behind Australian discourses of sociality. In Carsten Levisen & Sophia Waters (Eds.), Cultural keywords in discourse (pp. 25-54). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI: 10.1075/pbns.277.02wat

This chapter investigates the English word nice as a cultural key word, around which sociality discourses revolve. Focusing on its semantic scope in Australian discourse, the key word nice has an important story to tell about socially accepted and approved ways of thinking, communicating and behaving. Nice has often been trivialized, or even ridiculed as an “empty word”, but closer scrutiny reveals that nice has all the characteristics of a cultural key word. It is frequent and foundational in Australian discourse, and it reflects cultural logics, values and orientations. Also, as is common with cultural key words, nice lacks translational equivalents, even in closely related languages. A comparison with French gentil demonstrates how nice is distinctive in the way it organizes and maintains specific discursive orders.


Research carried out by one or more experienced NSM practitioners

See also:

(2017) Cultural key words – How words do things with people

Levisen, Carsten & Waters, Sophia (2017). How words do things with people. In Carsten Levisen & Sophia Waters (Eds.), Cultural keywords in discourse (pp. 1-23). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI: 10.1075/pbns.277.01lev


Research carried out by one or more experienced NSM practitioners

(2017) English (Australia) – Cultural key words: BOGAN

Rowen, Roslyn (2017). Bogan as a keyword of contemporary Australia: Sociality and national discourse in Australian English. In Carsten Levisen & Sophia Waters (Eds.), Cultural keywords in discourse (pp. 55-82). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI: 10.1075/pbns.277.03row

This chapter studies the word bogan as a cultural key word of contemporary Australian public discourse. The word bogan is specific to Australian English, with its closest counterpart in other Englishes being chav in British English and white trash or redneck in American English. Through a semantic analysis of the word, this chapter demonstrates that the social category of “bogans” remains a negative concept, denoting a certain group of people from lower socioeconomic backgrounds who are car-loving, prone to violence and have a certain bogan outlook on life. However, the chapter also shows that in contemporary Australian discourse this originally negative concept can be transformed into a way of self-identification, and as a way of positively embracing Australian nationalism. This analysis is supported by studies in the ethnopragmatics and historical pragmatics of Australian English, which show a general tendency to value the “shared ordinariness” of people and to discursively “heroise” the little man, and the semi-criminal person. Applying the NSM approach to linguistic and cultural analysis, this chapter provides new analyses of the meaning of bogan, and cultural scripts related to the concept. It also opens up the study of the emergence of new cultural key words, and on the semantic and discursive diversity within Anglo Englishes.


Research carried out in consultation with or under the supervision of one or more experienced NSM practitioners

See also:

(2017) Cultural keywords in discourse [BOOK]

Levisen, Carsten & Waters, Sophia (Eds.) (2017). Cultural keywords in discourse. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

DOI: 10.1075/pbns.277

Abstract:

Cultural key words are words around which whole discourses are organized. They are culturally revealing, difficult to translate and semantically diverse. They capture how speakers have paid attention to the worlds they live in and embody socially recognized ways of thinking and feeling. The book contributes to a global turn in cultural key word studies by exploring key words from discourse communities in Australia, Brazil, Hong Kong, Japan, Melanesia, Mexico and Scandinavia. Providing new case studies, the volume showcases the diversity of ways in which cultural logics form and shape discourse.

The Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) approach is used as a unifying framework for the studies. This approach offers an attractive methodology for doing explorative discourse analysis on emic and culturally-sensitive grounds.

Table of contents:

  1. How words do things with people (Carsten Levisen and Sophia Waters)
  2. Nice as a cultural keyword: The semantics behind Australian discourses of sociality (Sophia Waters)
  3. Bogan as a keyword of contemporary Australia: Sociality and national discourse in Australian English (Roslyn Rowen)
  4. Social keywords in postcolonial Melanesian discourse: Kastom ‘traditional culture’ and tumbuna ‘ancestors’ (Carsten Levisen and Carol Priestley)
  5. Talking about livet ‘life’ in Golden Age Danish: Semantics, discourse and cultural models (Magnus Hamann and Carsten Levisen)
  6. Visuality, identity and emotion: Rosa mexicano as a Mexican Spanish keyword (Karime Aragón)
  7. Subúrbio and suburbanos: Two cultural keywords in Brazilian discourse (Ana Paulla Braga Mattos)
  8. Cantonese ‘mong4’: A cultural keyword of ‘busy’ Hong Kong (Helen Hue Lam Leung)
  9. Kawaii discourse: The semantics of a Japanese cultural keyword and its social elaboration (Yuko Asano-Cavanagh)
  10. An invitation to keyword studies: Guidance for future research (Carsten Levisen and Sophia Waters)

More information:

Each chapter has a separate entry, where more information is provided.

Rating:


Research carried out by one or more experienced NSM practitioners

(1991) Yankunytjatjara – ‘Anger’

Goddard, Cliff (1991). Anger in the Western Desert: A case study in the cross-cultural semantics of emotion. Man, (N.S.) 26(2), 265-279. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2803832

This article sets out to show that by adopting a method of semantic description based on reductive, cross-translatable paraphrases (the Natural Semantic Metalanguage approach) it is possible to elucidate the meanings of emotion concepts, and their similarities and differences across cultures, within a principled, formal framework. Using this approach, it explores the semantic differences between pikaringanyi, mirpanarinyi and kuyaringanyi, three expressions in the Aboriginal language of the Western Desert of Australia, each of which corresponds to some extent to the English concept of anger.


Research carried out by one or more experienced NSM practitioners

See also: , , , ,

(2018) Japanese – NSM primes

Farese, Gian Marco (2018). Is KNOW a semantic universal? Shiru, wakaru and Japanese ethno-epistemology. Language Sciences, 66, 135-150.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langsci.2017.09.001

Abstract:

This paper focuses on the debated question of the universality of ‘know’ as a concept available to speakers of all languages. The NSM view is that all languages have a lexical exponent for the concept expressed in English by the word know. Epistemologist Masaharu Mizumoto has suggested that Japanese is a counter-example, because in this language two verbs, 知る shiru and わかる wakaru, are used in propositional knowledge attributions and neither is, he claims, exactly equivalent to know. Drawing on linguistic evidence from a corpus of Japanese and from Japanese contemporary literature, this paper shows that 知る shiru corresponds exactly in meaning to the English know and is the only Japanese exponent of the universal semantic prime KNOW. An NSM semantic explication of わかる wakaru phrased in both English and Japanese is presented to show that わかる wakaru is a complex concept that can be explicated via 知る shiru, but not vice-versa.

Rating:


Research carried out by one or more experienced NSM practitioners

See also: , , ,

(2016) Cultural linguistics

Peeters, Bert (2016). APPLIED ETHNOLINGUISTICS is cultural linguistics, but is it CULTURAL LINGUISTICS? International journal of language and culture, 3(2), 137-160. DOI: 10.1075/ijolc.3.2.01pee

Reprinted as:

Peeters, Bert (2017). APPLIED ETHNOLINGUISTICS is cultural linguistics, but is it CULTURAL LINGUISTICS? In Farzad Sharifian (Ed.), Advances in Cultural Linguistics (pp. 507-527). Singapore: Springer Nature. DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-4056-6_23

Translated into Russian as:

Peeters, Bert (2017). ПРИКЛАДНАЯ ЭТНОЛИНГВИСТИКА – это лингвокультурология, но ЛИНГВОКУЛЬТУРОЛОГИЯ ли? Жанры речи [Zhanry rechi = Speech genres], 15, 37-50. DOI: 10.18500/2311-0740-2017-1-15-37-50

The label cultural linguistics has been used to refer either to a broad field of scientific endeavour — referred to as “cultural linguistics” (in lower case) — or to a more narrowly defined framework within that field — referred to as “CULTURAL LINGUISTICS” (in small capitals). The latter uses cultural conceptualizations (categories, metaphors, schemas, and models) to study aspects of cultural cognition and its instantiation in language. The term cultural value is used sparingly, and not at all in a technical sense. This, then, raises the question whether bridges can be built between CULTURAL LINGUISTICS and APPLIED ETHNOLINGUISTICS. The latter makes prolific use of the term cultural value, which it sees as fundamental to its endeavours.

Close scrutiny reveals that both frameworks do acknowledge the importance of cultural values: in CULTURAL LINGUISTICS, detailed study of culturally specific conceptualizations may lead to a more precise understanding of the cultural values upheld in particular language communities. Nonetheless, there seems to be little prospect for an amalgamation of the two frameworks. Rather, APPLIED ETHNOLINGUISTICS and CULTURAL LINGUISTICS are both part of the broader field of cultural linguistics, where they provide separate, but equally useful, methodologies for the study of language and cultural values.


Research carried out by one or more experienced NSM practitioners

See also:

(2011) Semantic universals and basic concepts [BOOK]

Вежбицкая, Анна [Wierzbicka, Anna] (2011). Семантические универсалии и базисные концепты [Semantic universals and basic concepts]. Москва [Moscow]: Языки славянских культуры [Languages of Slavic Culture].

Abstract:

This book is an anthology of papers and chapters by Anna Wierzbicka, originally published in English  and appearing here in a Russian translation. Chapter 11 may have been originally written in Russian.

Table of contents:

Семантические универсалии (Semantic universals)

1. Из введения в книгу «Семантика: примитивы и универсалии» [From the introduction to the book Semantics: Primes and universals]
2. Семантические универсалии и «примитивное мышление» [Semantic universals and “primitive thought”]
3. Прототипы и инварианты [Prototypes and invariants]
4. Приложение [Illustration; Russian versions of NSM explications for flowers, animals and apples]

Семантика грамматики (Semantics of grammar)

5. Семантическая основа грамматического описания и типология: переходность и возвратность [A semantic basis for grammatical description and typology: Transitivity and reflexives]
6. Что значит имя существительное? (или: Чем существительные отличаются по значению от прилагательных?) [What’s in a noun? (Or: How do nouns differ in meaning from adjectives?)]
7. Лексические прототипы как универсальное основание межъязыковой идентификации «частей речи» [Lexical prototypes as a universal basis for cross-linguistic identification of “parts of speech”]
8. Дело о поверхностном падеже [The case for surface case]
9. Семантическое описание падежей в терминах ЕСМ: новый анализ польского дательного падежа [Semantic description of case in NSM: A reanalysis of the Polish dative]

Ключевые темы в русской культуре и языке (Key themes in Russian culture and language)

10. Русский язык [The Russian language]
11. Русские культурные скрипты и их отражение в языке [Russian cultural scripts and their reflection in the language]
12. Судьба и предопределение [Fate and destiny]

Семантический анализ евангельских текстов (Semantic analysis of gospel texts)

13. Значение Иисусовых притч: семантический подход к Евангелиям [The meaning of Jesus’ parables: A semantic approach to the Gospels]
14. Как люди могут понимать чувства других, как они могут «читать» их лица? Иисус в Гефсимании [How can people understand the feelings of others, how can they “read” their faces? Jesus in Gethsemane]

More information:

Chapter 1 is a translation of: Semantics: Primes and universals (1996), chapter 1

Chapter 2 is a translation of: Semantic universals and primitive thought: The question of the psychic unity of humankind (1994)

Chapter 3 is a translation of: Semantics: Primes and universals (1996), chapter 4

Chapter 5 is a translation of: Semantics: Primes and universals (1996), chapter 14

Chapter 6 is a translation of: What’s in a noun? (Or: How do nouns differ in meaning from adjectives?) (1986)

Chapter 7 is a translation of: Lexical prototypes as a universal basis for cross-linguistic identification of “parts of speech” (2000)

Chapter 8 is a translation of: Excerpts of The case for surface case (1980)

Chapter 9 is a translation of: Case in NSM: A reanalysis of the Polish dative (2009)

Chapter 10 is a translation of: Semantics, culture, and cognition: Universal human concepts in culture-specific configurations (1992), chapter 12

Chapter 11 is a reprint of: Russian cultural scripts and their reflection in the language (2002)

Chapter 12 is a translation of: Semantics, culture, and cognition: Universal human concepts in culture-specific configurations (1992), chapter 2

Chapter 13 is a translation of: The meaning of Jesus’ parables: A semantic approach to the Gospels (1998)

Chapter 14 is a translation of: ?

See the original chapters for abstracts and links to explications and cultural scripts.

Rating:


Research carried out by one or more experienced NSM practitioners

(1999) Semantic universals and the description of languages [BOOK]

Вежбицкая, Анна [Wierzbicka, Anna] (1999). Семантические универсалии и описание языков [Semantic universals and the description of languages]. Москва [Moscow]: Языки русской культуры [Languages of Russian Culture].

Abstract:

This book is an anthology of papers and chapters by Anna Wierzbicka, originally published in English and appearing here in a Russian translation.

Table of contents:

Из книги «Семантика: примитивы и универсалии» [From Semantics: Primes and universals]

1. Введение [Introduction]
2. Семантическая основа грамматического описания и типология: переходность и возвратность [A semantic basis for grammatical description and typology: Transitivity and reflexives]

Семантика грамматики [The semantics of grammar]

3. Что значит имя существительное? (или: Чем существительные отличаются по значению от прилагательных?) [What’s in a noun? (Or: How do nouns differ in meaning from adjectives?]
4. Лексические прототипы как универсальное основание межъязыковой идентификации «частей речи» [Lexical prototypes as a universal basis for cross-linguistic identification of “parts of speech”]
5. Семантика английских каузативных конструкций в универсально-типологической перспективе [The semantics of English causative constructions in a universal-typological perspective]
6. Редупликация в итальянском языке: кросс-культурная прагматика и иллокутивная семантика [Italian reduplication: Cross-cultural pragmatics and illocutionary semantics]

Из книги «Понимание культур через посредство ключевых слов» [From Understanding cultures through their key words]

7. Введение [Introduction]
8. Словарный состав как ключ к этносоциологии и психологии культуры: модели «дружбы» в разных культурах [Lexicon as a key to ethno-sociology and cultural psychology: Patterns of “friendship” across cultures]
9. Словарный состав как ключ к этнофилософии, истории и политике: «Свобода» в латинском, английском, русском и польском языках [Lexicon as a key to ethno-philosophy, history, and politics: “Freedom” in Latin, English, Russian, and Polish]

Лексическая семантика в культурно-сопоставительном аспекте [Lexical semantics in a cultural and comparative perspective]

10. «Грусть» и «гнев» в русском языке: неуниверсальность так называемых «базовых человеческих эмоций» [“Sadness” and “anger” in Russian: The non-universality of the so-called “basic human emotions”]
11. Выражение эмоций в русском языке: заметки по поводу «Русско-английского словаря коллокаций, относящихся к человеческому телу» [Russian emotional expression (Notes on the Russian-English collocational dictionary of the human body)]
12. Angst
13. Семантика междометия [The semantics of interjection]

Лексика и прагматика в культурно-сопоставительном аспекте [Vocabulary and pragmatics in a cultural and comparative perspective)

14. Японские культурные сценарии: психология и «грамматика» культуры [Japanese cultural scripts: Cultural psychology and “cultural grammar”]
15. Немецкие «культурные сценарии»: Oбщественные знаки как ключ к пониманию общественных отношений и культурных ценностей [German ‘cultural scripts’: public signs as a key to social attitudes and cultural values]
16. Значение Иисусовых притч: Cемантический подход к Евангелиям [The meaning of Jesus’ parables: A semantic approach to the Gospels]

More information:

Chapter 1 is a translation of: Semantics: Primes and universals (1996), chapter 1

Chapter 2 is a translation of: Semantics: Primes and universals (1996), chapter 14

Chapter 3 is a translation of: What’s in a noun? (Or: How do nouns differ in meaning from adjectives?) (1986) – See also: The semantics of grammar (1988), chapter 9

Chapter 4 is a translation of: Lexical prototypes as a universal basis for cross-linguistic identification of “parts of speech” (2000)

Chapter 5 is a translation of: The semantics of English causative constructions in a universal-typological perspective (1998)

Chapter 6 is a translation of: Italian reduplication: Cross-cultural pragmatics and illocutionary semantics (1986) – See also: Cross-cultural pragmatics: The semantics of human interaction (1991), chapter 7

Chapter 7 is a translation of: Understanding cultures through their key words (1997), chapter 1

Chapter 8 is a translation of: Understanding cultures through their key words (1997), chapter 2

Chapter 9 is a translation of: Understanding cultures through their key words (1997), chapter 3

Chapter 10 is a translation of: “Sadness” and “anger” in Russian: The non-universality of the so-called “basic human emotions” (1998)

Chapter 11 is a translation of: Russian emotional expression (1998)

Chapter 12 is a translation of: Angst (1998)

Chapter 13 is a translation of: The semantics of interjection (1992)

Chapter 14 is a translation of: Japanese cultural scripts: Cultural psychology and “cultural grammar” (1996)

Chapter 15 is a translation of: German ‘cultural scripts’: public signs as a key to social attitudes and cultural values (1998)

Chapter 16 is a translation of: The meaning of Jesus’ parables: A semantic approach to the Gospels (1998)

See the original chapters for abstracts and links to explications and cultural scripts.

Rating:


Research carried out by one or more experienced NSM practitioners

(2018) Indonesian – Emotions

Effendi, Diyan Ermawan & Muchammadun (2018). “Happiness” in Bahasa Indonesia and its implication to health and community well-being. The Asian EFL Journal, 20(8), 279-291.

Open access

Abstract:

“Happiness” has become an important aspect in Indonesia’s well-being as well as in the health and longevity of its population. This paper examines the meaning of three closely related Indonesian emotion words encountered in happiness-related discourse: bahagia, senang, and gembira. Using NSM to describe the native Indonesian experience on the three emotions, the authors depict bahagia, senang, and gembira as personal feelings that last for different lengths of time. Another difference they capture relates to the “otherness” characteristics of each emotion. Finally, the paper suggests studies on emotions and happiness to promote community well-being and health as an emerging research domain for applied linguists.

More information:

Also published (open access) as:

Effendi, Diyan Ermawan & Muchammadun (2017). “Happiness” in Bahasa Indonesia and its implication to health and community well-being. The Asian EFL Journal, TESOL Indonesia Special Conference Edition, 7, 109-121.

Rating:


Sound application of NSM principles carried out without prior training by an experienced NSM practitioner

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